Non-Clustered Column Store Index in SQL Server 2012 by Srikanth Manda

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Hi Friends,

I would like to add a pretty good article on “Non-Clustered Column Store Index in SQL Server 2012” from my friend “Srikanth Manda”. Hope you will enjoy this.

Everyone agree the fact that hardware speed and capacity has increased past two or three decades, but disk I/O (Input/Output) or disk access or data transfer rate has not grown up to the expected level and is still the slow. One key point to remember, as time is moving forward the size of the database become larger and larger. Data present now would increase by almost 10 times in next 2 to 3 years from no. We have provide a technology in SQL Server which can be addressed this kind of data growth with Data Warehouses. Secondly, the size becomes bigger the query performance is also very critical. Customers would like to have a response like a inter active, they want to have large amount of data, they want to process the data and get the results in the query like attractive fashion. Thirdly, that we are seeing is Data Warehouse has become more like a commodity and provide Data Warehouse technology to masses. Finally, the amount of data in data warehouse (DWH) is growing tremendously day by day. When you want to retrieve (Query) data from Data Warehouse, it takes quite huge amount of time. This would degrade the performance of the Data Warehouse. All these issues can be addressed by Non-Clustered Column Store Index.
In the Article, We will learn about this new feature, how can we build this, how it is in SQL Server, how exactly the data is stored, what happens underneath the engine, how this improves performance of Data Warehousing Queries.
In any traditional relational DBMS, the data is stored as rows (B-Tree format). Like, Microsoft SQL Server stores rows in a page of size of 8 K. If you have a row of 10 columns, you store Row 1 , Row 2 and when page becomes full the page 8 K, then Row goes to second page and so on. This is how the data is stored, successfully formats and successfully for OLTP Workloads. For example consider the image below the data for ten columns for each row gets stored together contiguously on the same page and once the data is full and the row goes to second page.

What has changed is, instead of storing data in the row format other way to look out is can I store data in the Column Store format. For example, I have a table with C1 to C10 columns, instead of storing as rows will store as columns. Then we have storage as Column C1, C2… C10. When we store data in the column store format, we get very good compression. The reason is data from same column is of same type and domain, so it compresses very well. For example, A company is operating globally throughout the world. All the employees from India, there mention the Country as India. Similar, employee from US would mention as ‘US’ as Country. Here, Column with Country would be compressed because it is a repetitive pattern. This kind of opportunity is available in Column Store Format rather than Row Store Format.
In the Row Store Format, data stored for all ten columns C1, C2, C3, …., C10. If we want to retrieve only columns like C1,C3,C5. What happens in the Row Store Format is we need read/fetch data for the entire row of 10 columns then predicate is applied for the specified columns. But, in case of Column Store Format, we can fetch only the required columns i.e.; Columns C1,C2,C3 etc. In this case, it reduces I/O and data fits in memory with which you get much improved performance. You can improve how the query is processed using Column Store technology that gives much better response time.
If we create Non-Clustered Column Store Index, the data is stored in column format.

If we store data in column format, suppose we store 10 million rows, we cannot store all 10 million rows of column C1 as storage unit. What we do is we break those rows into smaller chunks, which we call have as row group.

We have grouped the rows of 1 million; call it as Row Group Chunk. In each Row Group which has 10 columns here and each column is stored in its segment. It would be 10 segments. The benefit of storing each column in segment, when I want to rows of columns C1, C2, then I just get segment for column C1, segment for column C2.

Note: Blue color box are nothing but segments.
Important Points to remember:
1) Row group
• set of rows (typically 1 million)
2) Column Segment
• Contains values from one column from row group
3) Segments are individually compressed
4) Each segment stored separately as LOB’s as Binary Format
5) Segment is unit of transfer between disk and memory

New Batch Processing Mode
1) Some of the more expensive operators(Hash Match for joins and aggregations) utilize a new execution mode called Batch Mode
2) Batch mode takes advantage of advanced hardware architectures, processor cache and RAM improves parallelism
3) Packets of about 1000 rows are passed between operators, with column data represented as a vector
4) Reduces CPU usage by factor of 10(sometimes up to a factor of 40)
5) Much faster than row-mode processing
6) Other execution plan operators that use batch processing mode are bitmap filter, filter, compute scalar
7) Include all columns in a ColumnStore Index

Batch Mode restrictions:
1) Queries using OUTER Join directly against ColumnStore data, NOT IN (Sub query), UNION ALL won’t leverage batch mode, will revert to row processing mode
Examples:
1) In this Demo, Creating two tables i.e.; one with regular index and other with Non-Clustered ColumnStore Index. Below is the scrip to create two tables
Table with Regular Index
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[FactInternetSalesWithRegularIndex](
[DummyIdentity] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[ProductKey] [int] NOT NULL,
[OrderDateKey] [int] NOT NULL,
[OrderQuantity] [smallint] NULL,
[SalesAmount] [money] NULL
CONSTRAINT [PK_FactInternetSalesWithRegularIndex_ProductKey_OrderDateKey]
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[DummyIdentity] ASC,
[ProductKey] ASC
)) ON [PRIMARY]

Table with Non-Clustered ColumnStore Index

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[FactInternetSalesWithColumnStoreIDX](
[DummyIdentity] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[ProductKey] [int] NOT NULL,
[OrderDateKey] [int] NOT NULL,
[OrderQuantity] [smallint] NULL,
[SalesAmount] [money] NULL
CONSTRAINT [PK_FactInternetSalesWithColumnStoreIDX_ProductKey_OrderDateKey]
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[DummyIdentity] ASC,
[ProductKey] ASC
)) ON [PRIMARY]

GO

2) Insert data into both tables. Here is the insert script
Insert Script for FactInternetSalesWithRegularIndex Table
INSERT INTO FactInternetSalesWithRegularIndex
(
ProductKey, OrderDateKey,
OrderQuantity,SalesAmount
)
SELECT
ProductKey,OrderDateKey,
OrderQuantity,SalesAmount
FROM [AdventureWorksDW2012].dbo.[FactInternetSales]

GO 50

Insert Script for FactInternetSalesWithColumnStoreIDX Table
INSERT INTO FactInternetSalesWithColumnStoreIDX
(
ProductKey, OrderDateKey,
OrderQuantity,SalesAmount
)
SELECT
ProductKey,OrderDateKey,
OrderQuantity,SalesAmount
FROM [AdventureWorksDW2012].dbo.[FactInternetSales]

GO 50

3) And finally I want to create a regular non-cluster index (on ProductKey and Salesamount columns) on the first table, and column store index on the second table, which will include ProductKey and Salesamount columns.

CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [NC_FactInternetSalesWithRegularIndex_ProductKey_Salesamount]
ON FactInternetSalesWithRegularIndex
(ProductKey,Salesamount)
GO

CREATE NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX [CS_FactInternetSalesWithColumnStoreIDX_ProductKey_Salesamount]
ON FactInternetSalesWithColumnStoreIDX
(ProductKey,Salesamount)

GO

4) Execution of Queries

When I ran the query with STATISTICS IO ON, I found stunning results (with significant performance) of using column store index vs regular index, as you can see below:

SET STATISTICS IO ON

Select ProductKey,sum(Salesamount)
from FactInternetSalesWithRegularIndex
GROUP BY ProductKey
ORDER BY ProductKey

Select ProductKey,sum(Salesamount)
from FactInternetSalesWithColumnStoreIDX
GROUP BY ProductKey
ORDER BY ProductKey

SET STATISTICS IO OFF

Result:

(158 row(s) affected)
Table ‘FactInternetSalesWithRegularIndex’. Scan count 5, logical reads 4339, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

SQL Server Execution Times:
CPU time = 1342 ms, elapsed time = 504 ms.

(158 row(s) affected)
Table ‘FactInternetSalesWithColumnStoreIDX’. Scan count 4, logical reads 34, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table ‘Worktable’. Scan count 0, logical reads 0, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.

SQL Server Execution Times:
CPU time = 47 ms, elapsed time = 27 ms.

Even the time required to run these two queries greatly varied, the queries with regular index took 1342 ms for CPU cycle and 504 ms as elapsed time vs just 47 ms for CPU cycle and 27 ms as elapsed time for the second query, which uses column store index

The relative cost of the second query (which uses column store index) is just 11% as opposed to the relative cost of first query (which uses regular index) which is 89%.

For column store index exclusively, SQL Server 2012 introduces a new execution mode called Batch Mode, which processes batches of rows (as opposed to the row by row processing in case of regular index) that is optimized for multicore CPUs and increased memory throughput of modern hardware architecture. It also introduced a new operator for column store index processing as shown below:

Restrictions:
1) Cannot be clustered
2) Cannot act as PK or FK
3) Does not include sparse columns
4) Can’t be used with tables that are part of Change Data Capture or FileStream data
5) Cannot be used with certain data types, such as binary, text/image, row version /timestamp, CLR data types (hierarchyID/spatial), nor with data types Created with Max keyword eg: varchar(max)
6) Cannot be modified with an Alter – must be dropped and recreated
7) Can’t participate in replication
8) It’s a read-only index
a. Cannot insert rows and expect column store index be maintained

What’s New in SQL Server 2014
Columnstore index has been designed to substantially increase performance of data warehouse queries, which require aggregation and filtering of large amounts of data or joining multiple tables (primarily performs bulk loads and read-only queries).
There were several limitations in SQL Server 2012, SQL Server 2014 overcomes them:
1) We can create only one non-clustered column store index which can include all or few columns of table in a single index on a table.
2) SQL Server 2014 has come up with an enhancement of creating Clustered Column Store Index.
3) SQL Server 2012, when we create a Non Clustered Column Store index then it makes table read only.
4) With SQL Server 2014, you can create a Clustered Column Store Index without any impact on the insertion on table. You can issue some INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements with a table with clustered column store index. No more workaround is required for writing data to a table with Non Clustered Column Store Index like drop the existing one and re-create the index.

Hope you enjoyed the post ..
Thanks,
Srikanth Manda

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    bugaboo коляска 3 в 1 https://kolyaski-bugaboo-msk.ru/ .

  18. ST666 – Nền tảng sòng bạc trực tuyến hàng đầu tại Việt Nam

    ST666 tự hào là một trong những thương hiệu uy tín hàng đầu trong lĩnh vực giải trí và sòng bạc trực tuyến tại châu Á. Với nhiều năm liên tục được bình chọn 5 sao, ST666 mang đến cho người chơi những trải nghiệm đẳng cấp và an toàn.

    Lý do chọn ST666
    Thương hiệu đáng tin cậy
    ST666 là nền tảng được hàng triệu người chơi tại Việt Nam tin tưởng nhờ danh tiếng lâu năm và sự minh bạch trong hoạt động.

    Sản phẩm đa dạng
    Người chơi có thể tận hưởng hàng loạt trò chơi hấp dẫn như:

    Nổ hũ: Đem lại cơ hội trúng thưởng lớn với đồ họa sống động.
    Sòng bài: Bao gồm các trò chơi cổ điển như bài cào, baccarat, poker.
    Thể thao: Đặt cược các trận đấu bóng đá, bóng rổ với tỷ lệ hấp dẫn.
    Xổ số và bắn cá: Các trò chơi thú vị dành cho người yêu thích thử thách.
    Đá gà: Một hình thức giải trí truyền thống được nâng cấp với chất lượng trực tuyến.
    An ninh bảo mật
    ST666 áp dụng công nghệ bảo mật tiên tiến, đảm bảo thông tin và giao dịch của người chơi luôn an toàn tuyệt đối.

    Giao dịch nhanh chóng
    Với hệ thống xử lý tự động hiện đại, ST666 cung cấp tốc độ nạp rút nhanh nhất, giúp người chơi tận hưởng trải nghiệm mượt mà.

    Khuyến mãi hấp dẫn và dịch vụ chuyên nghiệp
    ST666 không chỉ nổi bật với chất lượng sản phẩm mà còn thường xuyên tổ chức các chương trình khuyến mãi, tặng thưởng lớn. Đội ngũ hỗ trợ 24/7 luôn sẵn sàng giải đáp thắc mắc của khách hàng một cách tận tình.

    Tin tức và mẹo chơi đá gà từ ST666
    ST666 không ngừng cập nhật các bí quyết và thông tin mới nhất về đá gà, giúp người chơi nâng cao chiến lược và kỹ thuật. Từ việc chọn gà đá phù hợp đến cách chăm sóc và điều trị, mọi kiến thức đều được chia sẻ một cách chi tiết và chuyên nghiệp.

    Tham gia ngay hôm nay!
    Hãy truy cập ST666 – Trang chủ chính thức để trải nghiệm thế giới sòng bạc trực tuyến đa dạng và uy tín nhất. Không chỉ là nơi giải trí, ST666 còn mang đến cơ hội kiếm tiền hấp dẫn cho mọi người chơi.

    Chơi ngay – Trải nghiệm đỉnh cao tại ST666!

  19. 일본소비세환급
    일본 소비세 환급, 네오리아와 함께라면 간편하고 안전하게

    일본 소비세 환급은 복잡하고 까다로운 절차로 많은 구매대행 셀러들이 어려움을 겪는 분야입니다. 네오리아는 다년간의 경험과 전문성을 바탕으로 신뢰할 수 있는 서비스를 제공하며, 일본 소비세 환급 과정을 쉽고 효율적으로 처리합니다.

    1. 일본 소비세 환급의 필요성과 네오리아의 역할
    네오리아는 일본 현지 법인을 설립하지 않아도 합법적인 방식으로 소비세 환급을 받을 수 있는 솔루션을 제공합니다. 이를 통해:

    한국 개인사업자와 법인 사업자 모두 간편하게 환급 절차를 진행할 수 있습니다.
    일본의 복잡한 서류 심사를 최소화하고, 현지 로컬 세리사와 협력하여 최적의 결과를 보장합니다.
    2. 소비세 환급의 주요 특징
    일본 연고가 없어도 가능: 일본에 사업자가 없더라도 네오리아는 신뢰할 수 있는 서비스를 통해 소비세 환급을 지원합니다.
    서류 작성 걱정 해결: 잘못된 서류 제출로 환급이 거절될까 걱정될 필요 없습니다. 네오리아의 전문 대응팀이 모든 과정을 정밀하게 관리합니다.
    현지 법인 운영자를 위한 추가 지원: 일본 내 개인사업자나 법인 운영자에게는 세무 감사와 이슈 대응까지 포함된 고급 서비스를 제공합니다.
    3. 네오리아 서비스의 장점
    전문성과 신뢰성: 정부로부터 인정받은 투명성과 세무 분야의 우수한 성과를 자랑합니다.
    맞춤형 서포트: 다양한 사례를 통해 쌓은 경험으로 고객이 예상치 못한 어려움까지 미리 해결합니다.
    로컬 업체에서 불가능한 고급 서비스: 한국인 고객을 위해 정확하고 간편한 세무회계 및 소비세 환급 서비스를 제공합니다.
    4. 네오리아가 제공하는 혜택
    시간 절약: 복잡한 절차와 서류 준비 과정을 전문가가 대신 처리합니다.
    안심 환급: 철저한 관리와 세심한 대응으로 안전하게 환급을 받을 수 있습니다.
    추가 서비스: 세무감사와 이슈 발생 시 즉각적인 지원으로 사업의 연속성을 보장합니다.
    네오리아는 소비세 환급이 복잡하고 어렵다고 느껴지는 고객들에게 최적의 길잡이가 되어드립니다. 신뢰를 바탕으로 한 전문적인 서비스로, 더 이상 소비세 환급 문제로 고민하지 마세요!

  20. ST666 Xổ Số – Điểm Đến Giải Trí Hoàn Hảo
    ST666 Xổ Số là nền tảng giải trí trực tuyến hàng đầu, cung cấp đa dạng các loại hình trò chơi từ keno, xổ số miền Nam (XSMN), xổ số miền Bắc (XSMB) đến xổ số siêu tốc. Với dịch vụ chuyên nghiệp và an toàn, ST666 mang đến cho bạn một trải nghiệm hoàn toàn mới mẻ và hấp dẫn.

    Tại Sao Nên Chọn ST666 Xổ Số
    Truy Cập Nhanh Và An Toàn
    ST666 đảm bảo quyền truy cập nhanh chóng thông qua đường dẫn chính thức, loại bỏ hoàn toàn rủi ro từ các trang web giả mạo hoặc nguy cơ mất tài khoản. Hệ thống bảo mật hiện đại giúp bạn yên tâm khi đăng nhập và tham gia trò chơi.

    Ưu Đãi Độc Quyền Dành Cho Thành Viên
    ST666 mang đến nhiều chương trình khuyến mãi đặc biệt dành riêng cho người chơi, bao gồm phần thưởng giá trị và các ưu đãi hấp dẫn. Thành viên mới sẽ được trải nghiệm các chính sách hỗ trợ vượt trội, giúp tăng cơ hội chiến thắng và tận hưởng trò chơi tốt nhất.

    Bảo Mật Thông Tin Tối Đa
    Hệ thống mã hóa hiện đại của ST666 đảm bảo mọi giao dịch và dữ liệu cá nhân đều được bảo vệ an toàn. Mọi thông tin đều được xử lý theo quy chuẩn bảo mật cao nhất, giúp người chơi yên tâm giải trí mà không lo lắng về vấn đề rủi ro thông tin.

    Đa Dạng Trò Chơi Giải Trí
    Xổ số: Từ xổ số truyền thống như XSMN, XSMB đến xổ số siêu tốc, đáp ứng mọi nhu cầu giải trí của người chơi.
    Lô đề: Cung cấp giao diện dễ sử dụng, giúp bạn dễ dàng chọn số và theo dõi kết quả trực tiếp.
    Casino trực tuyến: Đa dạng các trò chơi từ bài bạc, roulette đến các game đổi thưởng hiện đại.
    Những Lợi Ích Khi Chơi Tại ST666
    Dịch vụ hỗ trợ khách hàng chuyên nghiệp hoạt động 24/7.
    Giao dịch nạp và rút tiền nhanh chóng, minh bạch.
    Hệ thống cập nhật trò chơi thường xuyên, mang lại sự mới mẻ và không nhàm chán.
    Nền tảng thiết kế hiện đại, thân thiện với mọi thiết bị, từ máy tính đến điện thoại di động.
    Cách Truy Cập ST666
    Truy cập đường dẫn chính thức của ST666 để đảm bảo an toàn.
    Đăng ký tài khoản và hoàn tất các bước xác thực thông tin.
    Tham gia các trò chơi hấp dẫn và tận hưởng phần thưởng đặc biệt dành cho thành viên.
    ST666 Xổ Số không chỉ là nền tảng giải trí mà còn là nơi mang lại cơ hội chiến thắng và trải nghiệm dịch vụ đẳng cấp. Tham gia ngay hôm nay để khám phá một thế giới giải trí đa dạng và chuyên nghiệp!

  21. leo娛樂城登入

    LEO娛樂城：九州娛樂集團的卓越創舉與運營優勢
    九州娛樂集團總部的現代化運營
    九州娛樂集團的總部設於菲律賓首都馬尼拉市中心最具代表性的現代化建築「RCBC Plaza」。這座辦公大樓融合了全球領先的建築科技與安全系統，包括：

    國家級資訊防護系統，確保數據安全。
    樓宇自動化系統 (BAS)，實現數位化管理與高效運營，包括防火系統、光纖電訊和數位監控。
    九州娛樂為員工提供舒適的工作環境和專業的教育培訓，確保服務水準一流。其員工以專業知識和親切態度，為尊貴玩家帶來極致的遊戲體驗。

    LEO娛樂旗下品牌與遊戲特色
    九州娛樂城旗下分支包括 LEO、THA 和 KU 三個娛樂品牌。雖然品牌各自獨立運營，但都共享相同的遊戲系統與界面，提供超過數千款來自全球頂級供應商的遊戲。

    這些品牌的核心特色包括：

    種類繁多的遊戲：滿足不同類型玩家的需求，包括電子遊戲、體育博彩、真人娛樂等。
    不斷更新的內容：通過九州獨家技術，網站內容保持新鮮，合作商可快速更新遊戲資源，確保平台競爭力。
    玩家在這些平台上可以隨時找到適合自己的遊戲，享受沉浸式的娛樂體驗。

    LEO娛樂城的歷史與發展
    九州娛樂集團的起源可以追溯至其最早期的經營模式：「信用版」賭博平台 《天下體育球版》。儘管該模式在當時非常流行，但因高風險與財務處理複雜而逐漸被淘汰。

    隨著市場需求的變化，九州娛樂轉型為現金版平台 《天下現金網》，引入了更安全、便捷的遊戲模式。這種轉變不僅提升了玩家的體驗，也使平台得以進一步發展。

    如今，九州娛樂城已成為台灣博弈業界的領軍者，不僅優化了網站版面與功能，還推出了專屬手機APP，方便玩家隨時隨地進行遊戲體驗。

    LEO娛樂的成功秘訣
    現代化運營與技術支持：九州娛樂在系統安全與技術更新方面投入巨大資源，確保平台運營穩定可靠。
    多元化遊戲體驗：通過與全球頂級遊戲供應商合作，平台提供了豐富的遊戲選擇，適應各種玩家需求。
    用戶至上：專業培訓的員工以細心和熱忱態度，提供高品質服務，讓玩家倍感尊重。
    不斷創新：從信用版到現金版，再到手機APP，九州娛樂始終緊跟市場趨勢，致力於打造最佳娛樂體驗。
    結語
    LEO娛樂城作為九州娛樂集團旗下的重要品牌，不僅繼承了集團的核心價值，更在遊戲選擇、服務品質和技術創新方面不斷提升。從最初的《天下體育球版》到如今的行業領先者，LEO娛樂見證了九州娛樂城的發展歷程，也成為博弈行業中的耀眼明星。

    加入 LEO娛樂城，感受來自九州娛樂集團的專業與熱情，享受最頂級的線上博弈體驗！

  22. 滿天星娛樂城：全方位的線上娛樂體驗
    滿天星娛樂城作為九州娛樂城旗下品牌之一，是玩家心目中備受信賴的線上娛樂平台。不僅提供豐富的遊戲選擇和吸引人的優惠，還以其合法營運的背景和快速出金的保證，成為台灣玩家的首選娛樂城之一。

    滿天星娛樂城的特色與優勢
    1. 合法營運，安全可靠
    滿天星娛樂城持有三大國際娛樂執照，包括：

    菲律賓 PAGCOR 監督競猜牌照
    BVI 認證
    馬爾他 MGA 認證
    這些執照展現了平台的資本實力與合法性，讓玩家能夠安心享受遊戲，完全不用擔心出金問題。

    2. 高品質遊戲與豐富優惠
    滿天星娛樂城與九州集團旗下的LEO、THA娛樂城一樣，提供一流的遊戲品質和多樣化的優惠。

    熱門遊戲推薦：電子老虎機、真人直播、運彩投注、今彩539等，滿足各類玩家需求。
    優惠活動：定期推出限時回饋活動，讓玩家在遊戲中獲得更多額外收益。
    3. 快速出金與高效服務
    滿天星娛樂城採用先進的財務系統，確保存提款快速、安全，讓玩家能夠專注於享受遊戲，而無需擔心資金問題。專業的客服團隊24小時在線，提供即時支援。

    4. 多平台兼容的APP
    滿天星娛樂城提供設計貼合玩家需求的手機APP，適用於iOS與Android系統。玩家可以隨時隨地快速登入遊玩，體驗無與倫比的娛樂快感。

    熱門遊戲類型一覽
    滿天星娛樂城為玩家提供多樣化的遊戲選擇，滿足不同興趣和需求：

    真人直播：感受真實賭場氛圍，與真人荷官互動，體驗沉浸式娛樂。
    電子老虎機：多款經典與創新機台，讓玩家享受刺激的遊戲過程。
    運彩投注：涵蓋世界盃、棒球、籃球等多項運動賽事，提供即時投注與直播功能。
    彩票遊戲：包括今彩539、富遊彩票等，適合熱衷於彩券的玩家。
    滿天星娛樂城常見問題解答
    Q1. 滿天星娛樂城是否提供APP下載？
    是的，滿天星娛樂城提供專屬的手機APP，支援iOS和Android系統。玩家可透過APP快速登入，隨時享受遊戲。

    Q2. 滿天星娛樂城是否合法？
    滿天星娛樂城擁有多項國際認證，為合法經營的線上娛樂城，並保證玩家資金的安全性與遊戲的公平性。

    Q3. 無法登入滿天星娛樂城該怎麼辦？
    如遇到無法登入的情況，建議玩家檢查網路狀況或聯繫24小時客服團隊獲取即時協助。

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